Abstract

An analysis of literature shows that higher education institutions can actively influence the development of students' cultural intelligence (CQ) and thus express their social responsibility. The article's main aim is to diagnose the level of cultural intelligence among students of public economics universities in Poland and to determine the relationship between CQ and factors such as field of study, degree, and gender. This article was developed using research methods such as literature analysis, organizational documentation analysis, participant observation, and a Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) survey. The respondents were second-year full-time students, both bachelor and master's degree, of two majors: Management and International Economic Relations (in Polish Międzynarodowe Stosunki Gospodarcze - MSG for short). The study shows that the cultural intelligence of students of public economics universities in Poland is relatively high. No influence of gender on CQ was determined. Contrary to assumptions, it was not observed that MSG studies influence students' CQ development. The correlation between the degree of reflection and the level of cultural intelligence differs depending on the field of study. At each of the three universities studied, no significant differences were found in the overall level of cultural intelligence between students of the two studied majors.

Keywords: cultural intelligence, factors of cultural intelligence, university, social responsibility of higher education institutions, student

References

• Al-Jarrah, A. (2016). The cultural intelligence level among international students in Jordanian Universities. Educational Research Quarterly, 39(3), 23-36. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1166750.pdf
• Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Koh, C. (2006). Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group and Organization Management, 31(1), 100-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601105275267
• Azevedo, A. (2018). Cultural intelligence: Key benefits to individuals, teams and organizations. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 10(1), 52-56. https://doi.org/10.3844/AJEBASP.2018.52.56
• Barzykowski, K., Majda, A., Szkup, M., & Przyłęcki, P. (2019). The Polish version of the Cultural Intelligence Scale: Assessment of its reliability and validity among healthcare professionals and medical faculty students. PLoS ONE, 14(11), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225240
• Berman, S. (1990). Educating for social responsibility. Educational Leadership. Service Learning, General, 43, 75-80.
• Bobanovic, M. K., & Grzinic, J. (2019). Teaching tourism students with cultural intelligence. UTMS Journal of Economics, 10(1), 85-95. https://www.utmsjoe.mk/files/Vol.%2010%20No.%201/UTMSJOE-2019-1001-07-Kostic%20Bobanovic-Grzinic.pdf
• Boucher, G., Conway, C., & Van Der Meer, E. (2003). Tiers of engagement by universities in their region's development. Regional Studies, 37(9), 887-897. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340032000143896
• Brancu, L., Munteanu, V., & Golet, I. (2016). Comparative evidences of cultural intelligence profile for management and non-management students. REVISTA DE MANAGEMENT COMPARAT INTERNATIONAL/REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE MANAGEMENT, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, 17(4), 308-319. https://ideas.repec.org/a/rom/rmcimn/v17y2016i4p308-319.html
• Brislin, R., Worthley, R., & Macnab, B. (2006). Cultural intelligence: Understanding behaviors that serve people's goals. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 40-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601105275262
• Bücker, J., Furrer, O., & Lin, Y. (2015). Measuring cultural intelligence (CQ): A new test of the CQ scale. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 15(3), 259-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595815606741
• Chirileasa, I. C. (2013). University and insertion environment - progresses in the knowledge of relationship between the two entities. Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Seria Geografie, 2, 321-332. https://bit.ly/34mPrSP
• Crowne, K. A. (2008). What leads to cultural intelligence? Business Horizons, 51(5), 391-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2008.03.010
• Crowne, K. A. (2013). Cultural exposure, emotional intelligence, and cultural intelligence: An exploratory study. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 13(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595812452633
• Earley, C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford University Press.
• Eisenberg, J., Lee, H. J., Brück, F., Brenner, B., Claes, M. T., Mironski, J., & Bell, R. (2013). Can business schools make students culturally competent? Effects of cross-cultural management courses on cultural intelligence. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 12(4), 603-621. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2012.0022
• Engle, R. L., & Nehrt, C. C. (2012). Antecedents of cultural intelligence: The role of risk, control, and openness in France and the United States. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 13(5), 35-47.
• European Commission. (2009). The world in 2025. Rising Asia and socio-ecological transition. Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/2539
• Fischer, R. (2011). Cross-cultural training effects on cultural essentialism beliefs and cultural intelligence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(6), 767-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.08.005
• Gannon, M. J., & Poon, J. M. L. (1997). Effects of alternative instructional approaches on cross-cultural training outcomes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21(4), 429-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(96)00035-1
• Hartini, H., Yaakub, S., Abdul-Talib, A.-N., & Saud, M. B. (2017). The efects of cultural intelligence on international students' engagement. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 12(2), 18-25.
• Keavanloo, F., Seyedahmadi, M., & Mokhtari, R. (2013). A Comparison of Cultural intelligence in students. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 6(4), 481-483. https://irjabs.com/files_site/paperlist/r_1713_131014114808.pdf
• Kolano, A., & Olszewski, J. (2011). Poziom inteligencji kulturowej a jego związek z doświadczeniem międzynarodowym oraz oceną doświadczeń z innymi kulturami. Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie, 12, 52-69. http://piz.san.edu.pl/docs/e-XII-4.pdf
• Le, H., Jiang, Z., & Nielsen, I. (2018). Cognitive cultural intelligence and life satisfaction of migrant workers: The roles of career engagement and social injustice. Social Indicators Research, 139(1), 237-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1393-3
• Leja, K. (2008). Uniwersytet organizacją służącą otoczeniu. In K. Leja (Ed.), Społeczna odpowiedzialność uczelni (pp. 57-72). Katedra Zarządzania Wiedzą i Informacją Politechniki Gdańskiej.
• Leung, A. K., Maddux, W. W., Galinsky, A. D., & Chiu, C. (2008). Multicultural experience enhances creativity: The when and how. American Psychologist, 63(3), 169-181. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.169
• MacNab, B. R. (2012). An experiential approach to cultural intelligence education. Journal of Management Education, 36(1), 66-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1052562911412587
• Mahasneh, A. M., Gazo, A. M., & Al-Adamat, O. A. (2019). Cultural intelligence of the Jordan teachers and university students from the Hashemite University: Comparative study. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 8(2), 303-314. https://doi.org/10.13187/ejced.2019.2.303
• Mejri, S. B. (2019). Examining the correlation between American students' cultural intelligence, political affiliations, and their social distances from their international peers. Journal of International Students, 9(3), 873-895. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v0i0.81
• Ng, K.-Y., Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (2012). Cultural intelligence: A review, reflections, and recommendations for future research. In A. M. Ryan, F. T. L. Leong, & F. L. Oswald (Eds.), Conducting multinational research: Applying organizational psychology in the workplace (pp. 29-58). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13743-002
• Piwowarczyk, A. J. (2016). Istota i znaczenie inteligencji kulturowej w kontekście kształcenia uniwersyteckiego. e-mentor, 1(63), 4-13. https://doi.org/10.15219/em63.1225
• Pulakos, E. D., Arad, S., Donovan, M. A., & Plamondon, K. E. (2000). Adaptability in the workplace: Development of a taxonomy of adaptive performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4), 612-624. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.612
• Putranto, N. A. R., Gustomo, A., & Ghazali, A. (2015). Analysis of cross cultural management course pedagogy methods in developing students' cultural intelligence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 169, 354-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSPRO.2015.01.320
• Ramsey, J. R., & Lorenz, M. P. (2016). Exploring the impact of cross-cultural management education on cultural intelligence, student satisfaction, and commitment. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 15(1), 79-99. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMLE.2014.0124
• Robledo-Ardila, C., Aguilar-Barrientos, S., & Román-Calderón, J. P. (2016). Education-related factors in cultural intelligence development: A Colombian study. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 27(1), 41-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/08975930.2016.1172541
• Shannon, L., & Begley, T. (2008). Antecedents of four-factor model of cultural intelligence. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 41-55). M.E. Sharpe Inc.
• Starčević, J., Petrović, D. S., & Komnenić, D. (2017). Validation of the Cultural Intelligence Scale on a Serbian sample. Primenjena Psihologija, 10(2), 165-184. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2017.2.165-184
• Suharti, L., Handoko, Y. A., & Huruta, A. D. (2019). Linking cultural intelligence and adaptive performance: Do intercultural interactions and Host University Support^TM play important roles? Business, Management and Ekonomics Engineering, 17(1), 36-48. https://doi.org/10.3846/bme.2019.8831
• Takeuchi, R., & Tarique, I. (2008). Developing cultural intelligence: The role of non-work international experiences. In S. Ang, & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 56-70). M. E. Sharpe, Inc.
• Tamannaeifar, M., & Hesampour, F. (2016). The relationship between cultural and emotional intelligence with students ' adjustment to university. International Academic Journal of Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management and Organization Review, 3(3), 1-13.
• Thomas, D. C., Elron, E., Stahl, G., Ekelund, B. Z., Ravlin, E. C., Cerdin, J. L., Poelmans, S., Brislin, R., Pekerti, A., Aycan, Z., Maznevski, M., Au, K., & Lazarova, M. B. (2008). Cultural intelligence: Domain and assessment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(2), 123-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595808091787
• Ustawa z dnia 20 lipca 2018 r. Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce (Dz. U. 2018 poz. 1668). (2018). bit.ly/3MzPZWX
• Ward, C., & Fischer, R. (2008). Personality, cultural intelligence & cross-cultural adaptation: A test of the mediation hypothesis. In S. Ang, & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 159-173). M. E. Sharpe, Inc.
• Ward, C., Fischer, R., Zaid Lam, F. S., & Hall, L. (2009). The convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of scores on a self-report measure of cultural intelligence. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69(1), 85-105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164408322001